The Algebra of Wealth

My next book is the product of a lifetime spent as a founder, professor, parent, and mentor. The Algebra of Wealth contains 300 pages of insights and hard lessons drawn from experience, paired with the best research on the foundational question of prosperity: how to achieve financial security. The book comes out on April 23, and between now and then I’ll be sharing eight short excerpts and summaries of key points with our readers. We’re still writing No Mercy / No Malice every Friday; we’ll share Algebra of Wealth content on Mondays.

We started work on this book several years ago, inspired by a No Mercy / No Malice post about the difference between having money and being rich, and how to achieve the latter. It was one of our best-received pieces when we ran it in February 2021. In anticipation of the book it grew into, here’s that initial post.

[The following was originally published on February 12, 2021.]

I know a lot of people who make an extraordinary amount of money, but few people who are rich. Rich is having passive income greater than your burn. People on a path to money focus on their earnings; people on a path to wealth also focus on their burn. Joseph Heller said, “It takes brains not to make money.” (I think he was casting a favorable light on his starving artist friends.) This may be true, but it definitely takes brains to hold onto it (money).

My father receives $48,000 per year from Social Security and his Royal Navy pension (he was a frogman). He spends $40,000, and that’s enough to make him happy. He swims every day, watches a shit-ton of hockey (Leafs fan), and on Fridays goes to the Taco Stand (an actual restaurant in La Jolla) and orders something called a michelada. (Apparently it’s medicine delivered in a chilled, salt-rimmed glass — he claims his hair is regrowing and that he’s sleeping better. I believe half of that, so … I believe it.) Anyway, it’s not your income, but your income-to-expense ratio, that determines if you’re rich.

My observation is that there are four variables in the algebra of wealth: focus, stoicism, time, and diversification.

People conflate a lack of focus with a lack of talent. Intelligence and talent are correlated with success, but the strongest signal of future success is your perseverance and resilience: what the books in airport bookstores call “grit.” Unless you are supremely disciplined, your career will have to be something that gives you some enjoyment. But don’t mistake focus for your “passion.” People who tell you to follow your passion are already rich. Follow your talent. The accoutrements that accompany being great at something (relevance, admiration, camaraderie, money) will make you passionate about whatever “it” is.

Focus on putting yourself in a position to be financially successful. Get certified: In a digital world, much of the corporate world decides whether to swipe right or left based on the logos (aspirational universities/firms, vocational certifications, etc.) on your LinkedIn page.

Sector dynamics will trump your talent. (I realize how awful that sounds.) However, someone of average talent at Google has done better over the past decade than someone great at General Motors. Be thoughtful … any opportunity you have when you’re young to choose among different paths is a profound blessing.

Look for the best wave to ride. Twenty-five years ago, I chose to paddle into the e-commerce wave. My first effort (Red Envelope) failed. Even worse, it failed slowly … over 10 years. I stuck with it and started a firm that helped other firms develop e-commerce strategies (L2) and have owned Amazon stock for 12 years. It took me a while, but the strength of the wave kept me moving, and carried me to the beach. I just read the last sentence and am fairly certain I will never be a truly great writer. Anyway.

Focus on your relationships. Family and friends are essential to long-term happiness, and the most important relationship is with your spouse. The most essential economic decision you make will be who you decide to partner with or, more specifically, who you decide to have kids with. The net worth of married people grows 77% larger than that of single people. Marry the right person, and then invest in that relationship every day. You’ve wagered 50%+ of your net worth, and your value in the marketplace, on that partnership. Don’t keep score, and bring forgiveness, generosity, and engagement. In sum, show up.

Determine what you can and can’t control. You can control your reactions to temptation — a lack of discipline is the antichrist to economic security. Our society of superabundance makes this difficult. Billions of dollars are spent every year on schemes to manipulate our natural impulses into spending more money, consuming more fat, and believing everyone around us is more successful than we are. The upgrade from economy to premium to business to first class to private jet can seem like an investment in yourself — it’s not. The most powerful forward-looking indicator of your financial freedom is not how much you earn, but how much you save.

A specific activity accelerates in a bull market, conflating luck with talent and dopamine with investing. Diabetes, high blood pressure, and sharing a screenshot of your Robinhood gains are maladies of industrial production that exceed our instincts. Trading — distinct from “investing” — can feel like work and productivity. It’s not. It’s gambling, but with worse odds and no free drinks. One study found that over a 12-year period, only 5% of active retail traders made any profit at all. This time around, apps including Robinhood, with its dopamine-triggering confetti, and 24-hour-a-day, volatile crypto trading are the drugs of choice. Most day traders will be fine, suffering affordable losses … most. However, for many there are darker outcomes. Young men are especially vulnerable, as they are more risk aggressive. Between 80% and 85% of day traders are men, and 23% of men who gamble become addicted (as opposed to 7% of women). Most of us can gamble without becoming addicted, just as most of us can drink without becoming an alcoholic — but know the risks.

Stoicism is not just about remaining calm in the face of temptation. It means having good character. Succeeding in life is much easier if other people want you to succeed. We have a mental cartoon image of rich people as grasping and cruel. The reality, in my experience, is that wealthy people, in general, demonstrate strength, acumen and … kindness. Economic security is in the agency of others, and you want others to want you to win.

I spent the first 40 years of my life chasing some form of Western relevance so I could register more dopamine surges. Nothing was ever enough. More, I want fucking more … now. The pursuit always managed to distract me, and I was unable to get the engines of success and fulfillment firing on all cylinders. This stage of my life was characterized by fits of progress, getting close, but never achieving anything resembling the potential my opportunities warranted. In one moment that all changed for me: When my first son came rotating out of my girlfriend 13 years ago. In sum, shit got real. I was young enough to be selfish, but old enough to recognize it and acknowledge that I needed to change. I decided at that moment (no joke) to bring more focus and discipline into my life.

“Time is the fire in which we burn,” says the poet. It is our most inflexible and valuable commodity, the one thing with which you should not be generous. Squander money, you may earn it back. Squander time, it is gone forever.

Re investing: The long term is our ally, the short term our nemesis. The gangster authority on time, Albert Einstein, supposedly remarked that compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world. Yet our brains are not wired to understand this. When I was 26, I thought of being 46 as the distant, irrelevant future. Now that I’ve reached that age (actually I’m 56 … ugh), 26 feels as if it was last year. But small investments I made a decade-plus ago have grown into the base of my economic security.

Compounding is not just a financial thing. The most important returns in life come from the compounded effects of our investments over time, whether in our finances, careers, hobbies, or relationships. Change the timescale of your life, and you change your life.

In your life, focus is key. Plan A for financial security is being great at doing something the market values highly, and leveraging that into income and/or equity in a business. But Plan A squared is investments. And with investments, focus is to be avoided. Diversify and, unless your plan is to be in the finance industry, be sure that your time spent tracking/trading does not distract you from what is/should be your source of income and savings.

Investing over the long term pays out, but there are always dips along the way. Diversification is kevlar — with it, bad decisions will still hurt, but they won’t prove fatal. Diversification, in other words, is your bulletproof vest.

A few of my many egregious investing errors:

1. Red Envelope: I was so emotionally involved (I co-founded the firm in 1997) that I kept putting money into the business and ended up losing 70% of my net worth when it declared Chapter 11 in 2008. I had no kevlar, as I was terribly concentrated in one asset.
2. Netflix: Yes, Netflix. I believed in the company, respected its management, saw its potential, and bought a lot (for a professor) at $12/share. That’s the good news. The bad news is that I sold it six months later at $10/share to capture a tax loss and never re-bought. Today it’s at $558. Not that it doesn’t haunt me … every day. Nope, definitely not.

Most of my major mistakes in investing can be distilled down to two things: not diversifying, and trading.

Mistake No. 1 (Red Envelope): Almost fatal. I was 43 and outwardly successful.  But with the birth of my first son, I was feeling more economic anxiety than I had since I was a kid. (I grew up in a household with a single mother who worked as a secretary.) Mistake No. 2 (Netflix): Painful but nowhere near fatal. I had eggs in other baskets (i.e. Amazon, Apple, Nike, Oracle). In the end, my kevlar has been not allocating more than 10% of my net worth to any one investment. That doesn’t mean I don’t look for opportunities that offer asymmetric upside — I do. I just don’t ever take off my kevlar. You don’t need to be a hero to get to economic security.

Not Your Fault

These principles have served me well, especially as I’ve become more disciplined about following them. But while I wasn’t born into wealth, I did benefit immensely from the circumstance of my birth. My smartest move was to be born a white male in California in the sixties. An America that loved unremarkable kids presented me with a world-class education (at the time, UCLA had a 60% admissions rate and cost just $400 a semester), thrust me into the financial boom of the 1980s, and, through sheer luck, positioned me to catch the internet wave.

Since I set foot on the UCLA campus in the 1980s (feels like just last year) we’ve told ourselves we remain the Land of Opportunity, and that we’re making progress to remedy our historic imbalances. Yet as illustrated by one metric after another, economic security is harder to obtain, not easier, and is becoming less a person’s individual fault and more a result of circumstance … America is becoming less, well, American.

Are we headed for another revolution? I don’t know, but we are due for another righteous movement. What can you do in the face of a system that profits off you becoming overweight, indebted, divided, and addicted? Answer: Rebel.

Focus on what matters. Be a Stoic in the face of temptation. Use Time to your advantage. Diversify your investments.

In any economic climate, how do we build economic security, foster love, and find joy? How do we get rich?

Slowly.

Life is so rich,

P.S. You can pre-order The Algebra of Wealth here and receive it on April 23.